For legal professional privilege to apply to a communication, must the communication have been made with the “dominant purpose” of seeking or giving legal advice? Or is it sufficient that the seeking and giving of such advice was one of many purposes of the communication? Depending on the answer to these questions, what approach should the Court take in ascertaining whether legal professional privilege applies to e-mail communications between multiple parties, where one of the senders or recipients is an external lawyer or in-house counsel? This article discusses the English Court of Appeal case of The Civil Aviation Authority v The Queen On The Application Of Jet2.com Limited [2020] EWCA Civ 35 (CAA), which addresses these interesting questions.
For legal professional privilege to apply to a communication, must the communication have been made with the “dominant purpose” of seeking or giving legal advice? Or, is it enough that the seeking and giving of such advice was one of many purposes of the communication? Depending on the answer to these questions, what approach should the court take in ascertaining whether legal professional privilege applies to e-mail communications between multiple parties, where one of the senders or recipients is an external lawyer or in-house counsel?
These interesting questions were recently addressed by the English Court of Appeal (EWCA) in The Civil Aviation Authority v The Queen On The Application Of Jet2.com Limited [2020] EWCA Civ 35 (CAA). It is expected that a Singapore court will soon need to grapple with these same issues, given their practical significance.
Jet2.com Limited (Jet2), an airline company, issued judicial review proceedings against the Civil Aviation Authority (the Authority). Jet2 challenged the lawfulness of the Authority’s decisions to issue a press release and subsequently publish correspondence which had been exchanged between Jet2 and the Authority. In the press release and correspondence, the Authority had criticised Jet2’s refusal to participate in an alternative dispute resolution scheme promoted by the Authority. One of Jet2’s grounds of challenge was that the Authority had made its decision for improper purposes, that is, to damage Jet2’s trading interests, punish Jet2 for not joining the scheme, and pressure Jet2 to join the scheme.
In support of Jet2’s claim of improper purpose, Jet2 applied for disclosure of: (a) drafts of a letter from the Authority to Jet2 responding to Jet2’s complaint about the Authority’s press release; and (b) records of discussions of those drafts. The Authority resisted the application.
It appears to have been undisputed that the documents sought were not covered by litigation privilege. The point of contention was whether legal advice privilege applied to the documents. The Authority argued was that the documents were indeed so privileged. The Authority’s key submission was that these documents were contained in multi-addressee e-mails which were copied to, among other persons, the Authority’s in-house counsel. One of the purposes for which the documents were created and communicated was to obtain the in-house counsel’s legal input, if any.
It is with this background in mind that the question whether legal advice privilege contained a “dominant purpose” requirement took centre stage. The Authority accepted that for most of the documents sought, seeking and giving legal advice was one of a number of purposes but not the dominant purpose for which these documents were created and communicated. The Authority therefore had to argue, as a matter of principle, that a party resisting disclosure should not be required to show that seeking or giving legal advice was the dominant purpose of a communication. Unsurprisingly, Jet2 took the opposite view.
The EWCA decided against the Authority on the point of principle, agreeing with the High Court judge below that the documents sought were not covered by legal advice privilege.
In discussing why the “dominant purpose” test should apply, Hickinbottom LJ (with whom the other Lord Justices agreed) helpfully set out five relevant “propositions” of the English law on legal advice privilege:
Hickinbottom LJ then concluded, on balance, that legal advice privilege should indeed be qualified by the “dominant purpose” requirement. In support of this view, he gave, amongst other things, the following policy reasons:
Given the EWCA’s decision that legal advice privilege is in principle subject to a “dominant purpose” requirement, attention must be paid next to the appropriate approach to determining whether legal advice privilege attaches to multi-addressee with an external lawyer or in-house counsel as one of the senders or recipients. In this respect, Hickinbottom LJ gave, amongst other things, the following guidance:
It will be interesting to see how a Singapore court will deal with the issues considered in CAA, should such issues come before the court in an appropriate case. The Singapore court may have to decide, amongst other things: (a) whether the “dominant purpose” requirement is consistent with the statutory wording of ss 128, 128A and 131 of the Evidence Act; and (b) whether the fourth proposition above represents the position in Singapore law and the impact the answer to this has on the suitability of the “dominant purpose” test.
In the meanwhile, the outcome in CAA should be a cautionary tale for corporations and lawyers, both in-house and external, participating in multi-addressee e-mails (or, in the more modern context, group messaging platforms). Commonly held assumptions about the privileged nature of such communications may no longer hold. As Hickinbottom LJ put it in CAA at [93(iii)], “[legal advice privilege] is a privilege, and those who wish to take advantage of it should be expected to take proper care when they do so”.
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